Nefrectomía radical con trombectomía de vena cava: 20 años de cirugías por tumor renal / Vena cava thrombectomy in kidney cancer. Report of 32 nephrectomies

BACKGROUND: Vena cava (VC) involvement in kidney tumors occurs in 4 to 10% of cases, and is associated with a higher mortality. Nephrectomy with thrombectomy of the VC, performed by a multidisciplinary team, improves survival. Aim: To report a series of consecutive nephrectomies with caval thrombectomy performed in an academic center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report 32 patients with cT3b and 3c renal tumors, who underwent radical nephrectomy with VC thrombectomy between 2001 and 2021. A descriptive analysis of clinical, surgical and pathological variables was performed. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: The mean tumor size was 9.7 cm. According to Mayo classification 3/32 (9%) patients had a type I thrombus, 10/32 (31%) had a type II thrombus, 8/32 (25%) had a type III thrombus, and 5/32 (16%) had a type IV thrombus. The mean bleeding was 2000 cc. There was one intraoperative death. Nineteen percent of patients had complications >= 3 according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Reoperations occurred in 9%. Pre and postoperative creatinine levels were 1.17 and 1.91 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.01). Pre and postoperative Hematocrit levels were 47.9 and 31% respectively (p = 0.02). Sixty six percent of tumors were clear cell renal cancer, 9% were papillary and 3% were chromophobic. Mean OS was 10 months. Two-year SCE was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are similar to those reported elsewhere. Despite being an unusual pathology, the surgical technique has been improving, thanks to the multidisciplinary work of urologists and surgeons.

Trasplante hepático por metástasis hepáticas irresecables de cáncer colorrectal: revisión de la literatura

In Chile, colorectal cancer ranks third in incidence and fifth in mortality. Half of these patients have liver metastases at the diagnosis, and only 30% of them are resectable. Despite the development of many complex hepatobiliary procedures to achieve the total resection of metastases, the long-term survival with these techniques is not good. Liver transplantation is an alternative to treat unresectable liver metastasis from colorectal cancer with a good outcome. Several prognostic scores allow the selection of patients with good tumor biology. These patients have better overall and disease-free survival after liver transplantation. The use of immunosuppressive treatment doesn't increase recurrence, and even the pattern of tumor growth is slower in liver transplant recipients. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence in this topic and to highlight the need for a formal protocol for liver transplantation for unresectable colorectal liver metastases, using living donors or marginal grafts to avoid competition with the rest of the national waiting list.

Consenso chileno de diagnóstico y manejo de neoplasias quísticas pancreáticas. Club de páncreas Chile-SCHGE

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are frequently detected on abdominal images performed for non-pancreatic indications. Their prevalence in asymptomatic population ranges from 2.7 to 24.8%, and increases with age. There are several types of pancreatic cysts. Some may contain cancer or have malignant potential, such as mucinous cystic neoplasms, including mucinous cystadenoma (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). In contrast, others are benign, such as serous cystadenoma (SCA). However, even those cysts with malignant potential rarely progress to cancer. Currently, the only treatment for pancreatic cysts is surgery, which is associated with high morbidity and occasional mortality. The Board of the Chilean Pancreas Club of the Chilean Gastroenterology Society developed the first Chilean multidisciplinary consensus for diagnosis, management, and surveillance of PCN. Thirty experts were invited and answered 21 statements with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree. A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers "fully agree" and "partially agree" was reached. The consensus was approved by the Board of Directors of the Chilean Pancreas Club for publication.

Resección quirúrgica de tapón de cianoacrilato variceal infectado posterior a esclerosis endoscópica de várices gástricas. Caso clínico

In patients with actively bleeding gastric varices, the treatment of choice is the endoscopic use of sclerosing agents such as cyanoacrylate. We report a 69-year-old man who, after being treated with cyanoacrylate, suffered from recurrent febrile episodes. After an extensive study and broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, discarding other presumably infectious focus, the superinfection of the cyanoacrylate plug was suspected, and its surgical removal was decided. A partial gastrectomy of the gastric fundus, a splenectomy, and a distal pancreatectomy were performed. The patient evolved without fever and without new episodes of bacteremia, but with decompensation of his cirrhosis manifested by ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, pneumonia, and collections in the pancreatic bed. These complications were managed with medical treatment consisting in a long course of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Thereafter, the patient evolved satisfactorily.

Trasplante hepático: evolución, curva de aprendizaje y resultados después de los primeros 300 casos / Liver transplantation: development, learning curve and results after the first 300 cases

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is an option for people with liver failure who cannot be cured with other therapies and for some people with liver cancer. Aim: To describe, and analyze the first 300 LT clinical results, and to establish our learning curve. Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort study with data obtained from a prospectively collected LT Program database. We included all LT performed at a single center from March 1994 to September 2017. The database gathered demographics, diagnosis, indications for LT, surgical aspects and postoperative courses. We constructed a cumulative summation test for learning curve (LC-CUSUM) using 30-day post-LT mortality. Mortality at 30 days, and actuarial 1-, and 5-year survival rate were analyzed. Results: A total of 281 patients aged 54 (0-71) years (129 women) underwent 300 LT. Ten percent of patients were younger than 18 years old. The first, second and third indications for LT were non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic autoimmune hepatitis and alcoholic liver cirrhosis, respectively. Acute liver failure was the LT indication in 51 cases (17%). The overall complication rate was 71%. Infectious and biliary complications were the most common of them (47 and 31% respectively). The LC-CUSUM curve shows that the first 30 patients corresponded to the learning curve. The peri-operative mortality was 8%. Actuarial 1 and 5-year survival rates were 82 and 71.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Outcome improvement of a LT program depends on the accumulation of experience after the first 30 transplants and the peri-operative mortality directly impacted long-term survival.

Comunicación breve: aspirina en la prevención primaria de la enfermedad ateroesclerótica cardiovascular y su automedicación: Un problema por solucionar / Brief communication: aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease and its self-medication A problem to solve

Millones de personas, sin indicación médica, toman aspirina para la prevención primaria de la enfermedad ateroesclerótica cardiovascular. La Sociedad Europea de Cardiología no la recomienda para prevención primaria de esta entidad y las Guías del ACC/ AHA sobre Prevención Primaria de la Enfermedad Ateroesclerótica Cardiovascular la recomiendan solo en personas con riesgo cardiovascular aumentado. El beneficio de la aspirina en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular establecida sobrepasa el riesgo de sangrado. Ese beneficio se debe al efecto antiinflamatorio y anti-plaquetario, que reduce el riesgo de aterotrombosis, pero con riesgo de sangrado particularmente en individuos susceptibles de sangrar. El papel de esta medicación en individuos sin enfermedad cardiovascular establecida es controversial en especial si tienen riesgo de sangrado. En esta comunicación se discuten las En las Guías del ACC/AHA, el estudio ASCEND en diabéticos, el ASPREE en ancianos sanos y el ARRIVE en pacientes con moderado a alto riesgo y otros para que sirva de alarma a los médicos generales y especialistas, a fin de que indaguen sobre el uso de aspirina en sus pacientes, y al mismo tiempo discutan sobre el balance entre el daño y los beneficios, particularmente en los pacientes ancianos y en aquellos con riesgo de sangrado. Se sugiere realizar un estudio para obtener la evidencia del número de personas que ingieren aspirina automedicada, realizar su seguimiento, y evolución una vez conocidas ampliamente e implementadas las presentes recomendaciones(AU)

Millions of people, without medical indication, take aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. The European Society of Cardiology does not recommend it for primary prevention, and the ACC/AHA Guidelines on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Atherosclerotic Disease recommend it only in people with increased cardiovascular risk. The benefit of aspirin in patients with established cardiovascular disease outweighs the risk of bleeding. This benefit is due to the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effect, which reduces the risk of atherothrombosis, but with the risk of bleeding, particularly in individuals susceptible to bleeding. However, the role of this medication as primary prevention in individuals without established cardiovascular disease is controversial especially if they are at risk of bleeding. Despite the recommendations of the ACC/AHA and the European guidelines aspirin continues to be auto medicated for a large number of subjects. In this communication we discuss the ACC / AHA Guidelines, the ASCEND study in diabetics, the ASPREE in healthy elderly and the ARRIVE in patients with moderate to high risk and others to serve as an alarm to general practitioners and specialists, in order for them to inquire about the use of aspirin in their patients, and at the same time discuss the balance between the harm and the benefits, particularly in elderly patients and those at risk of bleeding. It is suggested to conduct a study to obtain evidence of the number of people who take self-medicated aspirin, follow up, and evolution once these recommendations are widely known and implemented(AU)

El trasplante de hígado es un procedimiento plausible, efectivo y seguro en pacientes con hemofilia: caso clínico / Liver transplantation in hemophilia A: report of one case

Due to blood derivative requirements, many patients with hemophilia were exposed to Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) before the availability of HCV testing. We report a 46-year-old male with Hemophilia A with a hepatitis virus C infection since 2004 causing a cirrhosis. Due to a hepatopulmonary syndrome, he received a liver allograph using a factor VIII replacement protocol, after eradicating the virus C. He had a good postoperative evolution, and no more factor VIII was required after transplantation until his last assessment.

Trasplante hepático exitoso en un paciente portador del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) / Liver transplantation in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): case report

Abstrac: Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were considered as having an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). Considering the increased life expectancy in HIV positive patients under HAART and the improvements in the management of graft recipients, these patients are now suitable for carrying out transplants in selected cases. We report a 26 years old HIV positive male who developed acute liver failure possibly caused by drug induced liver injury who underwent a successful liver transplantation.

Fascitis necrotizante de la pared abdominal como presentación infrecuente de una hernia de Garengeot: caso clínico / Necrotizing fasciitis caused by a Garengeot's hernia: case report

Garengeot's hernia corresponds to the presence of the appendix within a femoral hernia, associated or not with acute appendicitis. The diagnosis of this uncommon situation is usually done during surgery. Furthermore, the clinical presentation as necrotizing fasciitis is a rare condition. We report a 54 years old obese hypertensive woman with rheumatoid arthritis of 40 years of evolution treated with methotrexate and prednisone. She consulted for pain and erythema in the right inguinal region. Laboratory revealed leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive Protein. Suspecting a cellulitis, the patient was admitted for antimicrobial therapy. A pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed a perforated acute appendicitis in an inguinal hernia with extensive pelvic cellulitis associated with signs of fasciitis. At surgery, an extensive groin and pubic fasciitis was evident, with a necrotic and perforated appendix within a femoral hernia. Surgical debridement, open appendectomy, and femoral hernioplasty without mesh were carried out. Vacuum-assisted closure was installed in the coverage defect. Three surgical debridement procedures were required for the closure of the wound. Two weeks after the first surgical procedure, the patient was discharged in good condition. During the follow-up, she evolved with a surgical wound dehiscence, which was managed with wound dressings until closure.

Resultados del tratamiento laparoscópico de los quistes hidatídicos hepáticos no complicados / Results of laparoscopic treatment of uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cysts

Introducción: La cirugía es el tratamiento más efectivo para los pacientes portadores de quistes hidatídicos hepáticos (QHH). Actualmente no existe consenso si la cirugía abierta o laparoscópica es la mejor vía de tratamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la técnica quirúrgica y los resultados de la cirugía radical (periquistectomía) por vía laparoscópica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte no concurrente. Se incluyeron a los pacientes portadores de QHH no complicados en los que se realizó periquistectomía radical laparoscópica entre los años 2007 y 2015 en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Se consignaron variables demográficas, clínicas, características del QHH, morbimortalidad y recurrencia en el seguimiento. Resultados: Se operaron 24 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 35 años (3-79). La mediana de tamaño del QHH fue de 8 cm (3-15). Las complicaciones postoperatorias se presentaron en 4 casos (16%); un paciente presentó una fístula biliar (4,1%). No hubo mortalidad en este estudio y la estadía hospitalaria fue de 3 días (2-25). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 57,5 meses (9-106); se observó un caso de recurrencia a nivel hepático que requirió otra cirugía. Conclusiones: El tratamiento radical de los QHH no complicados por vía laparoscópica es factible y seguro; al compararlo con la literatura existente no se aprecian diferencias en la morbimortalidad ni recurrencia.

Introduction: Surgery is the most effective treatment for patients with hepatic hydatid cysts (HHC). Currently there is no consensus whether open or laparoscopic surgery is the best treatment. The aim of this study is to describe the surgical technique and the results of laparoscopic radical surgery (pericystectomy). Material and methods: Non-concurrent cohort study. We included patients with uncomplicated HHC in which it was performed a laparoscopic radical pericystectomy between 2007 and 2015 at the Clinical Hospital of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Demographic and clinical variables, HHC characteristics, morbi-mortality and recurrence at follow-up were recorded. Results: Twenty-four patients were operated. The median age was 35 years (3-79). The median HHC size was 8 centimeters (3-15). Postoperative complications occurred in 4 cases (16%); one patient had a biliary fistula (4.1%). There was no mortality in this study and the hospital stay was 3 days (2-25). Median follow-up was 57.5 months (9-106); a case of hepatic recurrence requiring another surgery was observed. Conclusions: The radical treatment of uncomplicated HHC by laparoscopic surgery is feasible and safe; when compared with existing literature there is no differences in morbi-mortality or recurrence.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar poscolecistectomía / Surgical treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injury post cholecystectomy

Introducción: Las lesiones de la vía biliar (LVB) iatrogénicas durante una colecistectomía constituyen una complicación grave, con una significativa morbimortalidad. El objetivo del estudio es analizar los resultados de la reparación de las LVB poscolecistectomía realizadas entre los años 2000 y 2015. Métodos: Estudio de serie de casos. Se consignaron en una base de datos: variables demográficas, el centro donde se realizó la colecistectomía, la vía de reparación, el tipo de LVB, el tipo de reparación efectuada, las complicaciones postoperatorias, la mortalidad operatoria y la sobrevida. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Resultados: Se estudiaron 36 pacientes, de los cuales 33 (92%) fueron mujeres; la edad promedio fue de 48,5 ± 14 años. La colecistectomía que originó la iatrogenia fue laparoscópica en 24 (67%) casos. La LVB fue identificada en el intraoperatorio en 9 pacientes (25%). La LVB más frecuente se localizó a menos de 2cm de la confluencia (Bismuth-Strasberg tipo E2) en 14 (39%) pacientes. La derivación biliodigestiva con asa en Y de Roux fue la técnica más utilizada en la reparación de las LVB en 26 (72%) casos. A largo plazo, se observó una estenosis en 7 (19%) pacientes, con necesidad de una nueva reparación. Hubo mortalidad operatoria de un paciente (3%). Conclusiones: Las LVB poscolecistectomía fueron satisfactoriamente reparadas preferentemente con una derivación biliodigestiva con Y de Roux en nuestro centro.

Abstract Introduction: Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (BDI) during a cholecystectomy are a serious complication with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyze the results BDI's repair post cholecystectomy which was performed between the years 2000-2015. Methods: Case series study. Demographic variables, the center where the cholecystectomy was performed, repair pathway, the type of bile duct injury, the type of reparation performed, postoperative complications, operative mortality and survival were entered in a database. For statistical analysis, software SPSS 22 was used. Results: Thirty-six patients were studied; 33 (92%) were women; mean age 48.5 ± 14 years. The Cholecystectomy that originated the iatrogenia was laparoscopic in 24 (67%) cases. BDI was identified intraoperatively in 9 patients (25%). The most common BDI was located less than 2 cm to confluence (Bismuth-Strasberg type E2) in 14 (39%) patients. The biliodigestive Roux-Y bypass was the most used technique in the repair of the BDI in 26 (72%) cases. In the long term, stenosis was observed in 7 (19%) patients with the need of a new repair. Operative mortality of 1 patient (3%). Conclusions: BDI post cholecystectomy were successfully repaired preferably with a biliodigestive Roux-Y bypass in our center.

Gastrectomía totalmente laparoscópica por neoplasias gástricas: Experiencia en un centro público / Totally laparoscopic gastrectomy for the treatment of gastric tumors

Background: The laparoscopic approach for the treatment of gastric tumors has many advantages. Aim: To evaluate the results of a laparoscopic gastrectomy program developed in a public hospital. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of epidemiological, perioperative and follow-up data of patients who were treated with a laparoscopic gastrectomy due to gastric tumors between 2006 and 2013. A totally laparoscopic technique was used for all cases. Complications were evaluated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: Fifty one patients, aged 65 (36-85) years, underwent a laparoscopic gastrectomy. In 22 patients a total gastrectomy was performed. Conversion rate to open surgery was 8%. Operative time was 330 (90-500) min and bleeding was 200 (20-500) ml. Median hospital stay was 7 (3-37) days. Postoperative morbidity was present in 17 (33%) patients, 3 (6%) patients had complications grade 3 or higher and one patient died (1.9%). Tumor pathology was adenocarcinoma in 39 patients. A complete resection was achieved in 97%. Twenty nine patients (74%) with gastric adenocarcinoma had early gastric cancer and 84% of patients were in stage one. Median lymph node count was 24. Median follow-up was 26 (1-91) months. There was no cancer related mortality among patients subjected to a curative resection. Overall survival for patients with adenocarcinoma was 92% at 3 years. Conclusions: This study supports the feasibility and safety of a laparoscopic gastrectomy program in a public hospital; with low morbidity, adequate lymph node dissection and long-term survival. This approach must be considered an option for selected patients with gastric cancer.

Lipoma gástrico gigante sintomático tratado con gastrectomía subtotal laparoscópica: caso clínico / Gastric lipoma removed by laparoscopic subtotal gastrectomy: Report of one case

Gastric lipoma is a rare benign gastric tumor. We report a 62-year-old man, who presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and weight loss. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a gastric antral, submucosal tumor. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a large antral lesion with content of high echogenicity and fat density, measuring 11 x 6 cm. The patient was treated with a laparoscopic distal subtotal gastrectomy, and a Roux-en-Y reconstruction. The patient had no postoperative morbidity, was started on a liquid diet on the third postoperative day and was discharged on the third postoperative day. The pathological study revealed a gastric lipoma with clear margins. This laparoscopic procedure represents a good alternative in the treatment of this benign gastric tumor.